Chemistry TAS Report Essay

1. Experiment Number : 10 2. Date : 18/01/2008 3. Title : Determination of the equilibrium constant for the reaction : Fe3+(aq) + SCN-(aq) FeSCN2+(aq) 4. Aims/Objective : To determine the equilibrium constant for the reaction : Fe3+(aq) + SCN-(aq) FeSCN2+(aq) 5. Introduction / Theory: In this experiment, the equilibrium constant for the formation of a complex ion, FeSCN2+(aq), is determined. Complex ions, thiocyanatoiron(III) ions, are formed from iron(III) ions and thiocyanate ions in aqueous solution : Fe3+(aq) + SCN-(aq) FeSCN2+(aq) (1). see more:chemistry matriculation notes semester 1 The equilibrium constant for this reaction is:Kc = [FeSCN2+(aq)] (2) [Fe3+(aq)][SCN-(aq)] The product complex ion is the only one of the three species which has an appreciable color (blood-red). 6. Relevant Equations/Chemical Reactions Involved : Fe3+(aq) + SCN-(aq) FeSCN2+(aq) 7. Chemicals : 0. 002 M KSCN(aq) 50 cm3 0. 2 M Fe(NO3)3(aq) 20 cm3 8. Apparatus and equipment : Boiling tube 5 Dropper 2 10 cm3 measuring cylinder 1 Lamp 1 25 cm3 measuring cylinder 1 Wash bottle 1 Safety spectacle 1 250 cm3 beaker 1 9. Procedure : 1. 0. 2 M Fe(NO3)3(aq) was used and 10 cm3 of 0. 08 M, 0. 032 M, 0. 0128 M, 0. 00512 M Fe(NO3)3(aq) were prepared respectively. The solutions were added by using 10 cm3 measuring cylinder to 5 clean boiling tubes in a rack as below. Tube No. 1 2 3 4 5 SCN-(aq) / cm3 10 10 10 10 10 Fe3+(aq) / cm3 10(0. 2 M) 10(0. 08 M) 10(0. 032 M) 10(0. 0128 M) 10(0. 00512 M) 3. Tubes 1 and 2 were wrapped around with a strip of paper so that light was excluded from the side. 4. The solutions towards the lamp were looked vertically down to compare the colour intensity. 5. Some of the solution from the standard tube 1 was removed with a dropper until the colour intensities of solutions in both tubes were the same. And the removed liquid was put into a clean and dry beaker. 6. The depth of the solution in tube 1 was then measured. 7. Steps 3 to 6 were repeated with tubes 1 and 3, 1and 4 and finally 1and 5. 10. Observations : The colour intensities of the solutions in the two tubes being observed were the same. 11. Data, Calculation and Results : Height of solution in original tube 1 = 59 mm Height of solution in tube 1 having the same colour intensity as tubes 2, 3, 4 and 5 are : Same colour intensity as 2 3 4 5 Height of solution in tube 1 (mm) 45 35 28 23 12. Conclusion : The equilibrium constant for the reaction : Fe3+(aq) + SCN-(aq) FeSCN2+(aq) was found to be 82. 1 M-1. 13. Discussion : 1. By M1V1 = M2V2, For tube 1, initial concentration of SCN-(aq) = 0. 001 M initial concentration of Fe3+(aq) = 0. 1 M For tube 2, initial concentration of SCN-(aq) = 0. 001 M initial concentration of Fe3+(aq) = 0. 04 M For tube 3, initial concentration of SCN-(aq) = 0. 001 M initial concentration of Fe3+(aq) = 0. 016 M For tube 4, initial concentration of SCN-(aq) = 0. 001 M initial concentration of Fe3+(aq) = 0. 0064 M For tube 5, initial concentration of SCN-(aq) = 0. 001 M initial concentration of Fe3+(aq) = 0. 00256 M 2. Concentration of FeSCN2+ in tube 1 = 0.001 M 3. Ratio of depth in the colour comparison with tube 2 = 45 /59 = 0. 763 Ratio of depth in the colour comparison with tube 3 = 35 /59 = 0. 593 Ratio of depth in the colour comparison with tube 4 = 28 /59 = 0. 475 Ratio of depth in the colour comparison with tube 5 = 23 /59 = 0. 390 Equilibrium concentration of thiocyanoiron(III) ions: In tube 2 = 0. 001 x (45 / 59) = 7. 63 x 10-4 M In tube 3 = 0. 001 x (35 / 59) = 5. 93 x 10-4 M In tube 4 = 0. 001 x (28 / 59) = 4. 75 x 10-4 M In tube 5 = 0. 001 x (23 / 59) = 3. 90 x 10-4 M 4. [Fe3+]equil = [Fe3+]initial – [FeSCN2+]equil = 0. 04 – 7. 63 x 10-4 = 0. 0392 M [SCN-]equil = [SCN-]initial – [FeSCN2+]equil = 0. 001 -7. 63 x 10-4 = 2. 37 x 10-4 M 5. Room temperature = 16 oC K = [FeSCN2+]equil / ([Fe3+]equil[SCN-]equil) = 7. 63 x 10-4 / [(0. 0392)(2. 37 x 10-4)] = 82. 1 M-1 6. There are few sources of error in this experiment. (1) Determination of colour intensity in the two tubes observed might not be accurate. (2) Taking reading when measuring the depth of liquid. Error estimation – When taking initial reading, error is + 0. 05 cm3. When taking final reading, error is also + 0. 05 cm3. Therefore, error is + 0. 1 cm3.

Heritage, Traditions and Beliefs Essay

All around us, there are different cultures, races, and ways of life that we interact with. Even with all of the differences, we still somehow manage to live in harmony with each other. If we think about it, we all live in one place; Earth. There are different perspectives and stories as to how it came about. These stories about the earth’s origin also reflect the different heritages, traditions, and beliefs that we see around us. The stories from the Native Americans, Africans, Mayan civilization, scientific origins of life and the book of genesis from the bible will be discussed in this essay. The Native Americans, called Navajo believe in the power of the Wind. They believed that life came from the wind. The breath that comes from our mouths gives us life. When the wind stops to blow, our life ends and we die. The Navajo also believes that their ancestors are always with them. The presence of wind trail on their fingertips shows them their ancestors. They believe that every living and non-living things are connected with the power of the wind. The Africans, specifically from the tribe of Yoruba, the people of Nigeria, Togo, and Benin, believe in the supreme being, Olorun and his assistants, Orishas, heavenly entities. David A. Anderson wrote this story. The story started with Oluron with orishas living in the sky in a baobab tree. Oluron being a great being allows the orishas to roam around. Obatala, a curious orisha, left the baobab tree and found a vast empty ocean below the mist. Obatala asked Olorun for permission to go down to the vast ocean and make something solid in the waters below. Olorun allowed Obatala’s request. Before starting his journey, Obatala asked for the help of Orunmila, the orisha seer. She advised Obatala to prepare the following things for his journey; a chain of gold, sand, palm nuts, maize, and a sacred egg, which carries the personalities of all the orishas. So Obatala hooked the chain of gold to the sky and climbed down to the vast empty ocean. He went down for seven days and when he reached the end, he waited for the advice of Orunmila to pour the sand into the water. A vast land was formed from the water. Obatala was still unsure of what to do. The sacred egg, which he hid inside his clothes near his heart hatched as Obatala’s heart pounded stronger. The Sankofa, a bird bearing the spirits of all the orishas, came out. As it flew around the solidified land, it formed dunes, hills, and lowlands. Eventually, Obatala released the chain and walked in the land that he named â€Å"Ife†. As Obatala explored the land, he scattered the seeds that he brought with him and so plants started to grow. Obatala made images of him out of clay and he was pleased. Olorun, being pleased with what Obatala did, made a fireball for the clay to be cooked and Olorun’s breath brought life to the figures. The Mayan civilization’s story of creation is called the Popol Vuh. The story started with Heart-of-sky, also called Maker, Modeler, Kukulkan, and Hurricane, whom they regarded as the almighty. It was only him who existed and he realized he needed someone to talk about his name and praise him. By mere speaking, earth emerged followed by mountains, trees and land. When Heart-of-sky sees that everything is going well, he created the animals to roam the land. He ordered the animals to praise him, but all they did was make animal sounds, thus he ordered that animals shall serve the people, whom he made to praise him. It took Heart-of-sky two attempts to make people, the first was made of mud and was loop-sided and spoke nonsense, and so he decided to let it dissolve away. The second was made from wood. Doll woods were mad, but did not have blood, sweat or minds. They did not respect their creator so flood was casted to the land, it destroyed the homes of the dolls and later on they are called monkeys. Thus, this explains the similar features of monkeys to humans. The scientific origin of life focuses in two main people, namely Pasteur and Darwin. With Pasteur’s experiments, he supported that God created the earth. He believed that life couldn’t arise from inanimate matter. In connection to this, Pasteur believed in the aid of the divine creator. Darwin’s theory, on the other hand, states that the first life on earth came from inanimate matter. Another theory was that the earth was an eternal entity according to Iris Fry, a historian of biology. Earth and life being eternal means that it did not come from anything, but it just existed before everything else. Lastly, the term â€Å"Panspermia†, from the Latin word â€Å"pan† meaning all states that sperms of life wanders the universe and takes root at any planet that meets its living condition. Svante Arrhenius in Sweden promoted this idea. The early idea that life and earth are eternal is outdated. People started to wonder where we came from and thus the idea was lost. Panspermia or Transpermia describes the transfer of life from planet to planet. The story of creation from the book of genesis of the holy bible depicts the seven-day creation of earth by God. Each day was described with the building of different things like, the separation of land and water, animals and humankind creation. On the seventh day, seeing that everything was perfect, God was pleased and so he had a rest that day. It was believed that God made everything on earth; He named all creatures in His power and ordered them to follow Adam. It ended when God was pleased with men and eventually gave the Garden of Eden for them to take care of. In comparison of these beliefs, the Native Americans belief with the origin of life is somehow similar with Darwin’s theory on life. Both stories pointed out that life came from non-living objects. Through the wind, everything came to life and through it people are connected with the environment. Similar with Darwin, he believed that inanimate objects are responsible for our existence. Compared to the points discussed earlier, the stories of the Africans, Mayans and the book of genesis all believe in a supreme being, who made everything. Olorun, Heart-of-sky and God, these are the names of each creator. Even with such different titles, they are the same. Their only differences are on the details on how they made life. Each stories started with the divine existence followed by their prime need to create something or someone to worship them. Their stories ended with the creation of their subordinates, people. In addition scientist Pasteur, who made one of the major contributions scientifically, supports the story of creation from the book of genesis. In conclusion, these five stories about life’s origin are somehow interconnected. Each is presented differently. The elements of the stories reflect their culture. After comparing each story with others, it only shows the importance of our beginning. By knowing the differences and similarities of each, I have come to understand that everyone deserves respect regardless of their origin. The comparison I have made will help me interact better with my future patients because of the culture reflected in each stories. We live in one place, one atmosphere, and one sky and yet each of us has our own belief in life. We came about evolution differently based on the area we live in. To preserve each race, tribe and community, we made stories of it, which reflects our culture and traditions. These stories were made so others may understand and respect our way of living.

Approaches to Qualitative Research

Approaches to Qualitative Research Examples of qualitative methods are action research, case study research and ethnography. Qualitative data sources include observation and participant observation (fieldwork), interviews and questionnaires, documents and texts, and the researcher’s impressions and reactions Quantitative research Is mean of testing objective theories by examining the relationship among variables. These variables in turn can be measured typically on instruments, so that numbered data can be analyzed using statically procedures. Quantitative research methods were originally developed in the natural sciences to study natural phenomena. Examples of quantitative methods now well accepted in the social sciences include survey methods, laboratory experiments, formal methods (e.g. econometrics) and numerical methods such as mathematical modelling. Mixed methods Research Is an approach to inquiry that combines or associates both qualitative and quantitative forms? Its involves philosophical assumptions , the use of qualitative and quantitative approaches and mixing the both approaches in a study. .Mixed research is research in which quantitative and qualitative techniques are mixed in a single study. It is the third major research paradigm, adding an attractive alternative (when it is appropriate) to quantitative and qualitative research. Worldviews in Creswell Worldviews/ Paradigms are intellectual Frameworks embodying tradition of scientific Theories and research The research design (strategies of inquiry and specific methods) is based on the espoused paradigm Worldviews/Paradigms Ontology – what exists in reality _ Epistemology – what can we know; how can we acquire knowledge _ Methodology – which research methods are appropriate for generating valid evidence. The four main worldviews/paradigms (Post)positivism numerical measures of observation and studing the behaviour of individals become paramount of post positivist Constructivism Advocacy / Participator y Pragmatism (Post)positivism _Constructivism Interpretivism _ Advocacy/Participatory Critical research _ Pragmatism The four main worldviews/paradigms (Post) positivism Constructivism, (Development, testing, Refinement of theories) Advocacy/Participatory Pragmatism (Change, improvement, action in the ystem) Positivism Positivist ontology and epistemology _Objective reality exists independent of humans _Reality is relatively stable and orderly and it can be described in models, i.e. theories _ The entities used in the theories can be identified in reality, and measured and often even controlled separately (reduction) Positivist ontology and epistemology Post positivism acknowledges the human rationality, free will and deterministic Worldview is compatible. However, the total system is supposed to work orderly, contradictions are problems that must be eliminated. Positivist ontology and epistemology The entities can be measured objectively, independent of the observer and instruments . Consequently, the measurements can be repeated by other researchers and the Results can be generalised. The ideal positivist inquiry is objective and value-free. Constructivism Constructivist ontology and epistemology Social realities are not given; they are produced by humans through their actions and interactions. The reality can only be understood through social constructions such as language and the meanings that involved persons assign to phenomena. The total social system is supposed to work relatively orderly, but human Interactions include always negotiation in order to avoid conflicts and contradictions. The social reality cannot be measured in an objective way, it can only be interpreted by the researcher The studied phenomena must be interpreted in the current context, in their natural settings

Personal statement to LSE MScFinance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal statement to LSE MScFinance - Essay Example The two wonderful years that I have studied with this fine institutionwo-year experience at th have further intensified my interest in this subject. It has been a joy to tackle difficult problems in my Corporate Finance course. I am happy to see how financial theories are closely linked to everyday functions. I appreciate mechanism of successful agile investors who are quick to spot market opportunities and foster business ideas. Therefore, I am very excited to explore more about corporate finance, financial valuations and forecasting. Pursuing a Masters will not only equip me with relevant professional knowledge but also broaden my future career path. LSE is the ideal choice for me because of its internationally renowned reputation, strong expertise in finance related areas as well as the sophisticated career services that are on offer. I believe that studying accounting and finance for my Bachelors degree has further prepared me for a Masters in a finance-related field. Studying financial accounting modules has taught me how to prepare financial statements, extract crucial information from company reports and evaluate and compare businesses. On the other hand,aking managerial accounting and auditing courses have helped me to make strategic business decisions, cultivate greater commercial and business awareness and, at the same time, given me a deeper understanding of contemporary regulatory environments. Finance has always been my favorite subject. It is marvellous to see how sophisticated products, such as futures and swaps, have been specially tailored for clients to transfer risks between counterparties. I have also enjoyed studying the behaviors of stock prices and empirical tests of asset pricing models. Economics is another subject that has always been appealing to me. Business cycle models and international trade theories have helped me to better understand government policies and the macro

Briefly describe what the Boston Nature Center is and how they benefit Essay

Briefly describe what the Boston Nature Center is and how they benefit the community, also include the importance of environmental education on the community - Essay Example One of the ways that the community gets to benefit from BNC is the fact that they witness the hands on approach that ensures that the environment gets to where it is today. The community has also witnessed through the various programs set, the power that environmental education and care can do for the environment. The BNC has very scholarships that have ensured that it is possible to raise funds through many awareness projects. The money is raised towards a worthy cause in the area (Environmental department, p 1). Environmental education is important because it ensures that the citizens are aware of what needs to be done with the environment. This is in respect to conservation, preservation and the maturation of the environment to be what it can be when treated in the right way. They are also aware that the current environmental issues need to be addressed. This is with respect to the current environmental trends and those that will be experienced in future. The BNC is an area that ensures that all environmental issues are addressed to create a safe haven for each and every individual and creation that needs the environment to thrive for their ultimate survival (Environmental department, p 1). The center has ensured that many of the citizens benefit from the education. This is through the analysis of the information collected. Many of the citizens have volunteered and become environmental ambassadors. They have participated in the training and spread of knowledge. The education in the communi ty has also ensured that there are practical approaches to dealing with environmental issues. They included reduced dumping, planting of trees and the use of environment friendly

Jane Goodall What Separates Us from the Apes Movie Review

Jane Goodall What Separates Us from the Apes - Movie Review Example They also had feathers in their headdresses. Noteworthy is that these humans fought to keep their way of life. They protected their uncontaminated land and maintained their culture. Surprisingly, they were enthusiastic to acquire knowledge of new things including the use of computers and solar panels to pump water up to the villages. Goodall’s findings were innovative than any other form of research on humans and apes. According to Goodall, both chimpanzee and humans can use technology. The local tribe in Ecuador struggles to keep up with the new technology (Goodall 1). This is depicted form the chief with his headdress using a laptop. The same technology is applicable in educating non-human animals. This is evident in the case of Ai that shows fascination with her laptop. Whenever Ai had an awful score, she immediately starts again and tries. Similarly, this is a major character among humans. Humans tend to repeat things over again when they make mistakes. According to Goodall’s findings, chimpanzees can adapt to the culture of using technology similar to the tribes in Ecuador forests. Ai is a chimpanzee that can use a computer, for instance. Humans use language to communicate. Language use, however, varies from Japanese, English and Chinese among other groups. Similarly, the chimpanzees also have their own language used for communication. For instance, they salute each other using particular signs. Chimpanzees, therefore, use sign language like human beings (Goodall 1). Humans in Ecuador have devices that simplify their work and make it easy. They use the solar panel to pump water to their homes, for example. This eases work for women since they do not have to fetch water manually. The chimpanzees’ also have their own way to ease work. Notably, chimpanzees use grass to aid in pulling insect from the holes before they feed on them. Besides their linkages, Goodall notes one major difference

Canadian Economic History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Canadian Economic History - Essay Example This paper seeks to analyze these major events in the lights of broad and diverse academic resources. From the period of 1960 till 1973, Equalization payments were made to Manitoba and Saskatchewan which offered protection to Ontario market. In the eighties, petrochemical industry was established and developed in Alberta and Manitoba concentrates on production of buses and light aircrafts(Norrie, Owram, andEmery, 125). Still several provinces relied on exports and on the revenues which were generated by the major industries. In the eighties, majority of Canadians moved to cities and several of them were associated with white collar jobs. In the sixties, the electricity sector in Quebec province was nationalized in order to remove disparities and fluctuation in rates. During the same period, Canada signed Automotive Pact with United States, which concentrated on changing the North American car manufacturing landscape and sought to establish more friendly relations between the two countries (Norrie, Owram, and Emery, 163). This assisted in improving the Canadian economy. In the seventies, the foundations for James Bay project were laid in Quebec. This hydro electric project is considered to be the largest development in the Canadian economic history. The OPEC oil crisis in the seventies led to increase in prices of oil. In 1973, the Canadian government established Petro-Canada to stimulate and encourage the exploration of oil and gas and to develop tar sands of Alberta. At the same time, it concentrated on getting hold of reliable imports and to understand the strategic importance of the industry. During the seventies, the Canadian government put efforts to control the domestic oil prices (Norrie, Owram, and Emery, 172). In the year 1975, Anti-Inflation Act was incorporated which concentrates on escalation of wage and price inflation. Consequently, the Consumer Price Index inflation was 10.7 percent in the year 1974. in 1975, it was 10.9 percent. 1980s and 1990s In the eighties, Canada experience economic recession. There was a great impact on the mineral and manufacturing industry. In 1982, mining activities and operations in Yukon were shut down. More than seven hundred thousand miners were unemployed because of recession. In the mid eighties, the Canadian economy recovered itself and its economic growth was highest among al OECD countries. However, there were vast differences in economies of different Canadian provinces. Central provinces were economically and financially strong, whereas western provinces experiences economic recession because of decrease in prices of oil and other natural resources. The Atlantic Provinces also experienced turnover (Norrie, Owram, and Emery, 175). In the 1990, the Canadian economy started to contract and was heavily affected by the recession. Although recovery began in 1991, Canada experienced high rates of unemployment and budget deficit. However, it should be noted that in the nineties the Canadian econ omic growth rate was about three percent. In the year 1992, the unemployment rate was about twelve percent, which gradually declined to eight percent in 1999.Because of economic recession of early eighties and nineties, high unemployment rates, budget deficits and disaffection were witnessed. Because of the declining economy, Progressive Conservative Party was rejected severely

Research proposal on network optimization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Research proposal on network optimization - Essay Example Data centers support and provide a variety of application services to the end-users such as cloud computing, grid application, video streaming, video gaming and many others services by providing platform that support all major hardware and soft ware.2 Data centers are located on different parts of a network. Thus the decisions on regulation and management of the application services and network play a big role in influencing outcomes of the application performance and state of the network. Most companies currently make application decisions with insufficient or no information regarding the underlying network that relay those services.3 Hence the maximum benefits of services and network utilization may not be reaped. This paper proposes a study program into cross stratum application with emphasis on the challenges and opportunities made available by the data center based applications and the communication networks. Based on the cross stratum optimization opportunities presented by the interactions between the data center based application services, this research project will be mainly on the following key opportunities: first, enhanced optimization of application and network resources. Additionally, rapid reaction to the fast transforming demands. Lastly, quality of application experience enhancement through proper usage of the existing resources. This project will involve qualitative research involving all essentials parties in CSO i.e. application provider, data center provider, network provider and end-user. The study will involve the following: first, the survey of the different ‘trust’ relationships that are exhibited between the various stakeholders in the application and the network stratum. Secondly, survey of the cloud based applications to compare their impact on network infrastructure. Thirdly, evaluation of the key interfaces their functionality and how they relate to the current standards and potential future standards. More

Week 7 Lab Work LR$W Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 7 Lab Work LR$W - Research Paper Example The first is stage is the organization stage. It entails preparing to look into the case and delve into the evidence, how to sort and classify it. For the case study, we need to prepare an extended outline (Webley 12). The second and subsequent stage is the research stage. In the research stage, we look into the facts that pertain to the case and classify them accordingly. We identify the issue then research the issues one at a time and familiarize ourselves with the area of law that caters for the case. In this case, we research the events of the night, the basis of allegations and their substantiality. We then consider the legal implications and likely outcomes of any stances we take(Webley 14). This is stage has done in the next paragraph of this paper. The third stage is analysis. In analysis, we make a write-up of the facts arrived at and document a solid conclusion in light of the evidence and facts against the balance of the law (Putman 166) The accused has been in a 10 – year stormy relationship with Elizabeth Steward which has had a history of domestic violence. During a violent electrical storm after a bout of drinking and argument, he dragged her outside and tied her to the lightening pole and told her â€Å"I will fix you. You are gonna fry†. (Putman, 117) The states claim is baseless as Mr. Jones was drunk and angry therefore was not in total control of himself or his actions. He also did not wield the said weapon. Lightening that did not strike was therefore like a weapon he never had. (Putman,

Ethics of Care and Ethics of Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ethics of Care and Ethics of Justice - Essay Example Thereupon, ethical prospects in nursing are at the core in this paper. Ethics of care seems to be taken for granted in nursing by many observers. It accompanies the idea of the Hippocratic Oath. Moreover, it makes the nurse-patient dialogue possible with emphasis on relief and recovery. However, this concept runs into the ethics of justice which can be narrowed down to a set of prescribed steps and norms in following nursing practice. Thus, the question of both ethical theories in their approaches toward contemporary medicine are to be duly analyzed so that to find out the best decision. ETHICS OF CARE Needless to say, current hospitals are full of professionals and those assisting them who can find out the right way in communication with patients. It is all about some psychological and moral obligations every nurse has at her/his disposal. The need for care is viewed to be paramount in hospitals. It makes the overall idea of recovery powerful. It goes without saying that a person can fight his/her illness starting from the inner decisions and inclinations. Believe it or not, such practice is well shared in the world. Moreover, it constitutes the need for care as a predominant impulse toward the inner recovery materializing in the physical healing. Ethics of care is well based on the personal relationships with a patient. It can be interpreted as the consideration of other’s point of view (Ashcroft, Dawson, & Draper, 2007). Care is a stimulus for every patient. Thus, a nurse able to follow up the prescriptions of her/his moral obligations before concrete patients, in particular, and the mankind, on the whole, has to use care every now and then. In other words, care is called to reduce patient’s vulnerability at the moment when it is critically high. Chesnay & Anderson (2011) admit in their study that ethics of care is generally focused on â€Å"attending to and meeting the needs of the particular others for whom we take responsibility† (p. 372). Thus, speaking ethically, the word â€Å"care† is already incorporated in the word â€Å"healthcare† justifying, therefore, the overall goal of the medicine. On the other hand, ethics of care seeks to pinpoint the need for relationship for the sake of striking a balance in gender roles. Definitely, women are more devoted to the caring; and the nursing ethics and ethics of care have become the pivotal virtues in the nursing practice far long ago (Yeo, 2010). To say more, ethical concerns should bear a confident character when applying to serious patients and those getting through some training and educational programs as a part of their recovery process (Klingberg-Allvin et al., 2007). Thus, the ethics of care is one of the first intentions coming on the part of a nurse despite of any circumstances or other impediments on her/his way. Again, relationship-based approach is what each nurse urges for. There is nothing more significant for a good and professionally fit nurse than to think about the need for assuring patients that they will be taken care of. To manage this prospect means to have an idea of where the nursing practice starts from: â€Å"The care ethics perspective cannot be understood in abstract or hypothetical terms, but only in actions stemming from caring relationships between people† (Sellman & Snelling, 2009, p. 60). Thus, any dispute on the nature of the ethics of care can be diminished due to a host of arguments on the importance of the first care aid and continuous care for patients throughout the period of hospitalization. Moreover, ethically grounded attitude of care on the part of a nurse is never a malfeasance. Ethics of justice Most researchers and observers are likely to state that ethics of justice serves a constraint for the

Real Experience for Real Teen Drivers Essay Example for Free

Real Experience for Real Teen Drivers Essay Young drivers lack experience in driving situations that will occur outside of the mandatory, cookie cutter training they complete during the time of holding their learners driving licenses. The lack of inexperience plays a major role in teen car accident fatalities and injuries. Whitelegg (1987) has shown â€Å"The United States alone is in running of about 50,000 deaths a year from teen-driving fatalities. In terms of years of life lost, road traffic accidents are the major exterminator of unexpired years† (p. 161-176. This evidence is enough to question what steps should be taken, in addition the procedures that already in place, to help prevent such fatalities with young drivers today. Both parents and The Department of Driver Services are proactive by acting to insure new license holders are prepared for the responsibilities that come with driving a vehicle. Parents sign their children up for different types of driving courses where the students are taught the basics of how to operate a vehicle, when to use different signals, and the laws of the road. The Department of Driver Services enforces the same standards as most driving courses, in addition to a hand written test on driving procedures and requiring new drivers to have a certain amount of hours recorded driving in both daylight and at night. Most states also have laws regarding age limits for driving and talking on the phone and no texting and driving laws for all ages. Though these standards and laws are a positive beginning for any new driver, they simply do not provide the driver with the real world experience he will face while driving alone. Teen drivers can and will be taught the rules and laws that go with driving; however, teens cannot always be monitored while driving vehicles alone and will not always follow the regulations that have the taught. This requires additional training to encourage new drivers to abide by the laws and rules, but also provides the teens with the experience to safely conduct any type of multi- Real Experience for Real Teen Drivers tasking the driver may engage in; such as answering phone calls, eating, or conversing and listening to the radio all while driving. In order to reduce the fatalities related to young adult car crashes, young drivers’ experiences with driving a vehicle need to be expanded through practice of driving while preforming other actions. Once a teen turns fifteen and receives their learning licenses, the mandatory standard requirements, driving courses and written test, will be conducted and completed within the first three months of possessing their licenses. In the following 9 months teens will continue to be required to record the numbers of hours drove at night and during the day, with an extension of a multitasking while driving check list. The addition of the multitasking checklist will allow instructors or the adults in the vehicle, to monitor the multitasking actions of the driver and teach safe alternatives or more safe ways to carry out the task. The multitasking check lists will include many different tasks, including focuses regarding talking and texting on the phone, conversing with peers, and eating while driving. These distractions are the commonly used among people of all ages. The observer of the driver will have them drive through a fast food restaurant to order meals, and encouraged to order a meal that is easy to handle. Once the meal is order, the driver will be instructed on safer alternatives to handle eating while driving; such as preparing your meal in the parking lot so there less distractions while driving. Interacting with friends is hard to avoid without being rude. It is common to want look at the person speaking while driving or even do hand gestures as you would in a conversation that is not taken place in a vehicle. The instructor should carry on Real Experience for Real Teen Drivers conversation with the driver, but explain the common gestures are not necessary. The driver will be allowed to take phone calls as the observer offers suggestions on how to answer safely, such as placing the phone on speaker to keep both of your hands free to maneuver the vehicle. If responding to a text message is a must, call the person on speaker phone or wait until you have come to a complete stop. These are all task which would normally not be taught, however as used on a daily basis. As Bower (2008) explained,† multitasking puts high demands on the brain that reduces activity regions that coordinate driving behavior; driving is the less-ingrained skill and often takes a neutral hit† (p. 7); thus more experience is a must. We must keep encouraging young drivers to abide by the laws, but we are not able to insure all young drivers will. The addition of recording and allowing young drivers to complete other actions during maneuvering as vehicle, will give new licenses holders the more ingrained skill of safely coordinating driving behavior with multitasking. Once these safer alternatives are taught, it is sure the driving fatalities of young adults in the United States will drop drastically over the following five years. Parents and driver services cannot be sure that teens will follow the laws once they are no longer in the supervision of an adult , although they can feel secure in the fact that teens have been taught how to make safe decisions while multitasking and driving vehicles. By introducing drivers to the hazards of multitasking and driving, while under adult’s supervision, allows teens to receive guidance on how to safely conduct actions if the driver chooses to not focus all of their attention to driving. Young lives can be saved and fatalities Real Experience for Real Teen Drivers caused by car crashes can be prevented by allowing new drives to gain valuable experience in the driver’s seat of a vehicle.

My holiday - i visited Paris Essay Example for Free

My holiday i visited Paris Essay I visited Paris in France. When I there arrived I was astonished because the city seemed very modern ceque I did not await. She has seems very clean and she had aigalement a lot of different stores. On the way i mon hotel I traveled by the north of the France that seemed very silent. When I arrived to my destination I was very hour. It was very hot. The Trip I travelled by France. I had to go to Douvres. It was a long boring trip we left Douvres at 10 oclock and arrived in France at twelve oclock. Lodging IS remained in a hotel with my family. I have partagiune room with my brother and my parents had a separated room. The hotel was situated close to the local city but it was again silencie ux and calm. The hotel had a swimming pool and the stores was very dear. My room was small it had a television and one bathroom. Activities of the day The day it was very hot thus I tried to do the activities that were interior. I played Badminton then I played au ping-pong that was very good. I also went swimming in the swimming pool in the hotel, after swimming I played mini-golf. Activities in the evening The evenings it did sometimes froid. La most of the time in evenings my family went out for a repas. Quand there was recreations we remained at the hotel because it was comedy and my younger brother really assessed demonstration. They etait drole but certain French i taienten. Equally my sisters participated in the spectacle our last one harms. Before we left went to do ourselves emplettes in the next city to do which quesachats. In order to view this essay, you either need to log in or contribute one your essays or courseworks. Please submit one of your own essays below to be taken the essay that you requested.

Coca Cola Drinks In A Time Of Economic Difficulty Business Essay

Coca Cola Drinks In A Time Of Economic Difficulty Business Essay Always Coca-Cola! This slogan was used in 2003 by the Coca-Cola Company, but years later it still resounds. Despite, the continuous changing of consumers needs, wants and lifestyles, economic down-turns and increasing competition in the marketplace, Coca-Cola has managed to always take first place as the worlds most valuable brand, since 2001. (Interbrand Best Global Brand Surveys, 2001-2010) This report is intended to explain and analyse why the sales of Trademark Coca-Cola drinks, namely Coca-Cola, Coca-Cola Zero and Coca-Cola Light/Diet Coke were all immune to the economic recession. The analysis will be within a consumer behaviour scope. Inevitably, the relationship of consumer behaviour to other disciplines will be seen. First, there will be a brief history on Coca-Cola and a review of its performance over the last 4 years. Subsequently, the Consumers Buying Decision Making Process in relation to Coca-Cola drinks will be discussed. Then, there will be an examination of how input factors from the Buying Decision-Making Process Model such as, the companys marketing mix and individual factors such as attitudes might have influenced consumers behaviour in the buying process and enabled Coca-Cola to be successful throughout the years, even during the recession. Additionally, the influence of reference groups would be discussed as it is purported to be another attribute to the brands success during the recession. It is worthy to note that, according to the National Bureau of Economics Research the recession started in December 2007 in the US. However, countries could have experienced a recession at different times (imf.org). Therefore, the study is based on 2007-2010 time period. 2.1 Coca-Colas History and Performance Review When carbonated water is added to a syrup made from Coca leaf extracts, Cola nut, sugar and citric acid, the refreshing Coca-Cola drink is produced. Its name was derived by combining its two main ingredients Coca and Cola. The Coca-Cola formula was concocted by a passionate physician and chemist named Dr. John Stith Pemberton in 1886. Dr. Pembertons goal was to invent the ultimate medicine and tasty drink all into one. (Business Heroes, 1998) Therefore, Coca-Cola was initially marketed as a valuable brain tonic and a cure for all nervous affections such as headaches, neuralgia, hysteria as well as a delicious, refreshing and invigorating beverage(curezone.com). Although, some ingredients have been added or removed to enhance the drink but not to change the taste too much, up to this day it is not certain if the Coca-Cola Company still includes Coca leaf extracts. The Coca-Cola drink was sold for 5 cents a glass and only an average of 9 glasses of Coca-Cola were sold daily in the 1880s. Many years later, the Coca-Cola Company produces gallons of syrup daily and nearly 1.6 billion times a day, people around the world enjoy one of our beverages (Coca-Cola Annual report, 2008). The concentrates and syrups that are manufactured are then sold to licensed Coca-Cola bottlers in more than 200 countries. Coca-Cola has become a multi-million dollar profit-making company and has been able to continue that trend even during challenging economic times. Although according, Brian Morgan, Beverages Industry Analyst, global value sales had declined in the soft-drinks market (Euromonitor blog, 2010). Coca-Cola was affected insignificantly by the global decline and this was reflected in its financial reports. The Coca-Cola Companys consolidated Net Operating Income before Interest and Taxes (NIBIT) had increased from $7,252m in 2007 to $8, 446m in 2008. However, there was a 2.5% decline in (NIBIT) from 2008-2009. The impact of the decline was insignificant because of the companys well balanced portfolio, well-known brand and innovative strategies. Another indicator that the company was doing well during the recession was the steady increase in cash dividends payments. The cash dividend payments to shareholders in 2007, 2008, and 2009 were $1.36, $1.52, $1.64 respectively (Coca-Cola Annual Review, 2009). The sales of Trademark Coca-Cola, which includes Coca-Cola, Coca-Cola Zero and Diet Coke/ Coca-Cola light, are what fuel our business (Coca-Cola Annual report 2009, p.16). Trademark Coca-Cola has seen volume unit growth in 2009 for many of its markets around the world including Vietnam (27%), India (25%), Pakistan (18%) and Nigeria (11%) to name a few (Coca-Cola Annual report, 2009). Solid performance has been reported for Coca-Cola in its 2010 third quarter and year-to-date company report. As at the ending of October, Operating Net Revenues had increased by 5%. Moreover, the worldwide unit case volume had increased 5%. This volume growth was led by the brand Coca-Cola (Coca-Cola Year-to-Date report, 2010). Please see Appendix 1 2 for more indicators of the Coca-Cola Companys resilience to the 2007-2010 economic down-turn. 3.0 Discussion and Analysis 3.1 Routinised Response Behaviour Researchers have identified three main levels of consumer decision making. They are extensive problem solving, limited problem solving and routinised response behaviour levels (Schiffman et al 2007, p.526).Consumers would have engaged in a routinised response behaviour level with regards to Coca-Cola drinks. This is because the trademark brand has been in the beverage market for years and so consumers would have had experience with it and other brands. Also, consumers would have established a set of criteria well enough to evaluate the Coca-Cola brand against other brands (Schiffman et al, 2007). Additionally, due to the low-involvement of consumers in purchasing Coca-Cola drinks, consumers are able to make quick decisions and they would have then relied heavily on heuristics, its prices, packaging and their familiarity with the brand. This would then have led to people purchasing Coca-Cola out of habit and in some cases automatic purchases. Therefore, it can be argued that because of the difficulty in breaking their habitual purchases and the little thought that goes into buying Coca-Cola drinks, consumers continued to buy Coca-Cola during the recession which made Coca-Cola immune. 3.2 Effective Marketing Mix Another reason why Coca-Cola was resilient to the recession could have been because of the companys effective marketing mix. The Coca-Cola Company has been able to build its brand throughout the years by using the right blend of marketing mix for the Trademark Cola-Cola drinks. Coca-Colas marketing mix efforts will now be discussed. Product Some people argue that the taste of Coca-Cola makes it very popular and gives it a competitive advantage. Moreover, people have demonstrated their love for the taste in different ways. One well-known incident was when consumers rejected the new formula of Coca-Cola, the New Coke. The company was compelled to bring back the original taste of Coca-Cola (Fortune, 1985). Coca-Colas trademark is its product name Coca-Cola in a unique white script against a bright red background. This assists customers to easily identify the brand in groceries, shops and advertisements. The Coca-Cola drink is packaged in aluminium cans, glass and plastic bottles in a range of sizes; 2L, 1.25L, 500ml and 330ml. Although variations have been made to the shape of the glass and plastic bottles, The contour bottle remains the signature shape of Coca-Cola today and was chosen for its attractive appearance and original design (Coca-Cola Heritage Timeline, 1905-1918). Price Coca-Cola is priced slightly higher to the prices of non-popular cola brands such as store brands but the same to main competitor, Pepsi. For instance, in England the price for a 2L bottle of Coca-Cola and Pepsi is  £1.66 while a 2L ASDA store brand cola is  £0.47 (asda.com). During 2007-2010 the price of Coca-Cola was increased for some regions like North-America due to increase commodity costs for the bottlers and to other recessionary pressures. (Coca-Cola Company Annual Report, 2008 p.47) Promotions Advertising Coca-Cola makes large investments in promotions and advertising. Advertising costs for 2006, 2007 and 2008 has been $2.6b, $2.8b and $3.0b respectively (Coca-Cola annual report, 2008). In 2007 there were promotions in Europe for Rugby World-cup and for the Christmas holidays (Coca-Cola Annual Review, 2007). There were many point-of-sale promotions world-wide in 2008. Loyalty programs that enable customers to receive free rewards and prizes by collecting points became very popular in 2009. For instance, the North-American market has the my coke rewards and the European market has the coke zone websites particularly set up for these promotional programmes (Coca-Cola Annual Review, 2009). Coca-Colas creative, colourful, animated and high imagery advertisements become many peoples favourite. Indeed, some of Coca-Cola advertisements have won several awards such as the Golden Award of Montreux, 2007 (Gold Medal) and CLIO Awards, 2007 (Gold) Animation (adforum.com). Place/ Distribution Channels Coca-Cola uses an intensive distribution strategy. Customers can easily access Coca-Cola drinks at their convenience through groceries, shops, malls, vendor machines, universities, work offices, bars and restaurants. Coca-Cola works closely with all constituents of the supply chain to ensure that the distribution process is efficient and effective (coca-cola.com). Additionally, Coca-Cola has even been endorsed by many restaurants including Mc Donalds and other businesses, where a formal agreement is made between the two parties to only sell Coca-Cola drinks. With the Consumer Decision Making Model that was produced by Schiffman et al (2007) in mind, consider this example. When consumers who drink Coca-Cola became thirsty or were out of stock of Coca-Cola at home, a need was recognised which is the first stage of the Process component of the model. The consumers would have then entered the information search stage and would have first drawn on past experiences they had with Coca-Cola drinks before using external sources of information from the Input component of the model, such as the companys marketing communications and socio-cultural influences. Because of Coca-Colas effective marketing mix efforts in the past, the customer would have most likely had good memories and experiences with the drinks. Also, Coca-Colas marketing efforts during the time of the consumers decision making would have played a big role in influencing consumers decisions. As a result, when consumers entered the Output stage, their decision was to re-purchase Coca-C ola. Coca-Cola marketing mix was effective because of its strong impact on the consumers decision making process. Another reason why Coca-Colas marketing mix was effective because it catered for the individual factors of consumers and this made the marketing mix more influential on individual decision making processes of consumers. For instance, Coca-Colas loyalty reward promotions would have appealed to those customers who like to be rewarded for their commitment or the sales promotions for those who were always seeking bargains. The changing of shapes of the bottles and the creative and high imagery advertisements, especially the one ones with the polar bears drinking Coca-Cola, would have appealed to those emotional and impulsive consumers. Also, by getting many businesses to only sell Coca-Cola drinks would have trapped those consumers who do not normally purchase Coca-Cola. The fact that most people would have had less disposable income might have made these marketing tactics more influential on their actual Decision Making Process because peoples need for rewards and stimulation to buy Coc a-Cola and not switch to a cheaper brand would have been greater. 3.3 Commitment to Attitudes It is believed that peoples high level of commitment to their favourable Attitudes towards Coca-Cola drinks was another reason that caused people to continue to purchase Coca-Cola drinks during the recession. Attitude is a persons learned predisposition, tendency to respond to an object in a consistently favourable or unfavourable way (Allport 1935, cited in Professor Jiang 2010 Lecture 5 slides). In relation to Coca-Cola drinks this means that, people were not born with the attitudes that they have towards Coca-Cola. Instead they learned about Coca-Cola from their direct experiences with the drinks, from other peoples opinions and from the companys marketing mix. They used these factors to develop an overall evaluation of Coca-Cola and in so doing formed favourable attitudes towards the drinks. Consequently, people were then motivated by their attitudes to purchase Coca-Cola drinks (Schiffman et al 2007, p.238). The psychologist, Daniel Katz, purported that attitudes exist because they serve a function for the person (Solomon et al 2010, p.275). The function could be a Utilitarian, Value-expressive, Ego-defensive or Knowledge function. For instance, people who like the taste of the Coca-Cola drinks and who derives pleasure from it would have an attitude that serves the Utilitarian function. Value-expressive attitudes would be seen in those people who drink Diet Coke because it may convey that they are dieting and watching their figure to others (social identity) or because they personally believe its the healthier choice of drink (personal values). Coca-Colas efforts to provide more factual and meaningful nutritional information on their packaging would form attitudes that serve the knowledge function in those people who need such information in selecting products. Attitudes change when it no longer gives satisfaction to its related need state (Katz, 1960 p.177). Coca-Colas marketing mix efforts has been consistently satisfying the needs of consumers and so consumers became committed to their attitudes towards Coca-Cola. For example, Coca-Colas total quality management systems ensure that every bottle on the production line tastes the same so that peoples Utilitarian function would always be satisfied. There have been misperceptions and rumours of Coca-Cola drinks including soft-drinks cause Kidney stones or Coca-Cola can be used as household cleaners. In order to provide clarity and consistency for individuals with knowledge function needs, Coca-Cola posted responses on its website to these rumours. Moreover, the company had spent $9m to promote active healthy lifestyle programs in 2008 (coca-cola.com). This also illustrates Coca-Cola satisfying the needs of consumers which would then lead to consumers becoming highly committed to their attitudes. According to Katz (1960) attitudes consist of affective or feelings and cognitive or belief components. Attitudes can be related to behaviour which makes it a third component. Another consequence of Coca-Colas efforts consistently satisfying consumers needs was that it strengthened the affective component of consumers attitudes and reinforced the beliefs they had towards Coca-Cola. The result was people holding onto to their favourable attitudes towards Coca-Cola which was then the driving force of their purchase behaviour. It is worthy to note that the results of many studies have shown a very low correlation between a persons reported attitude towards something and their actual behaviour towards it (Solomon et al 2010, p.290). Researchers found that events, circumstances or social pressure can interfere with a persons planned or expected behaviour. For instance, people may like Coca-Cola but do not buy it because of persuasive campaigns from health organisations that say soft-drinks are unhealthy (social pressure). Therefore, it can then be debated that although people may have had favourable attitudes towards Coca-Cola this may not have caused them to purchase Coca-Cola drinks during the recession or any time. It is believed that this happened because people were not strongly committed to their attitudes. It can then be argued that Coca-Colas marketing strategies have been encouraging people to remain highly committed to their attitudes towards Coca-Cola. Once consumers are very committed to their at titudes, it would become very difficult for external influences to change their beliefs or feelings for the product and by extension change their behaviour. 3.4 Reinforcement of loyalty through Reference Groups Coca-Cola has used the internet to create a virtual community where its fans from all over the world can meet other fans, chat about various topics and reminisce about Coca-Cola memories. Although Coca-Cola has an official website (coca-colaconverstaions.com) to facilitate this community, the website provides links to Twitter and Facebook so that fans can use those forums if they desired. Additionally, there is a Coca-Colas Collectors Club for people who are very nostalgic and who enjoy collecting Coca-Cola merchandise. The club has more than 5000 members from all over the world. Several conventions and meetings are held annually and monthly newsletters are published. There are also swap meets and other social events that enable members to share their interests with others (coca-cola.com). Researchers find that people within brand communities feel more positive about the product (Solomon et al, 2010 p.392) when they interact with other people who share similar interests in the same product and when they participate in social events held for them. Their brand loyalty is enhanced and the chance of them switching to competing brands that are as good or even better is very low. Moreover, these community members do not only become emotionally involved with the product, but genuinely concerned with the welfare of the company as well (Solomon et al, 2010, p.392). Coca-Cola has been the main sponsor of big events for many years such as NASCAR racing, Youth Olympics Games, FIFA World cup and Special Olympics (coca-cola.com). These different events bring together people who share common interests and these people make up sub-cultural groups within society. Attitudes, beliefs and certain behaviours would be adopted faster by these groups because of their cohesiveness and group members desire to share one identity. By Coca-Cola sponsoring the events for these groups often, Coca-Cola would have become accepted and liked by these groups. Coca-Cola would have relied on the social power of these groups to remind and reinforce the brand. As a result, members within these groups would have been motivated to purchase Coca-Cola as long as they were active members of these groups in order to fit in. Therefore, the presence of Coca-Colas brand communities both virtual and those that meet face-to-face had strengthened peoples brand loyalty and this enabled Coca-Cola to maintain a high retention of consumers during the recession. Also, the influence of sub-cultural groups could have contributed to Coca-Colas continued success during the recession. Conclusion/Recommendations Coca-Colas has maintained a strong brand image and financial performance for many years, even during the recession. The reasons for this success could have been because of consumers habitual purchase behaviour, successful execution of marketing strategies by the company, consumers commitment to their favourable attitudes towards Coca-Cola drinks and the presence of reference groups. These factors simultaneously impacted consumers actual decision making process which then caused them to continue to purchase Coca-Cola. It is becoming more difficult to predict consumer behaviour because sociological factors, circumstances and events interfere with consumers intended behaviour (Schiffman et al, 2007). Coca-Cola has built a secret research facility at its headquarters and this shows that the company is aware of the importance of understanding consumer behaviour. Were spending a lot of time trying to understand shopping and shopping psychology, says Joe Tripodi, Coca-Colas chief Marketing Officer (CNBC 2009). It is apparent that Coca-Cola has been able to build an extremely strong brand loyalty for its drinks. Therefore, the company should continue with its innovative strategies and continue its research into why and when people purchase their products. The company should also continue using their websites and peoples blogs to get feedback from consumers about beliefs and feelings towards the companys products and strategies. One caveat for the company is that it should never become arrogant and think that consumers will always have that strong brand loyalty for Coca-Cola. Appendix I SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA Year Ended December 31, (in millions except per share data) 2009 2008 2007 2006 SUMMARY OF OPERATIONS Net operating revenues $30,990 $31,944 $28,857 $24,088 Net income attributable to shareowners of The Coca-Cola Company $6,824 $5,807 $5,981 $5,080 PER SHARE DATA Basic net income $2.95 $2.51 $2.59 $2.16 Diluted net income $2.93 $2.49 $2.57 $2.16 Cash dividends $1.64 $1.52 $1.36 $1.24 BALANCE SHEET DATA Total assets $48,671 $40,519 $43,269 $29,963 Long-term debt $5,059 $2,781 $3,277 $1,314 Appendix II PERFORMANCE AT A GLANCE 2007 2008 2009 22.7 23.7 24.4 UNIT CASE VOLUME (in billions) 2007 2008 2009 $7,252 $8,446 $8,231 OPERATING INCOME BEFORE INTEREST TAXES (in millions) 2007 2008 2009 $7,150 $7,571 $8,186 OPERATING CASH FLOW (in millions)

Pop Quiz about God: Religion in the Public School System Essay

One of the fundamental influences on childhood development is the religion the child is raised into. Religion has been engrained into American culture since its inception. However, religion has decayed in modern day America, and this fear of a Godless America has encouraged some people to desire religion be taught in public education. â€Å"For better and for worse, religious convictions play a central role in shaping events in America and throughout the world.† (Haynes, 9) Even though religion teaches morals, the importance of community, and many people credit their religion for their success, the belief of separation of church and state is a valid argument. What is the role of religion in a child’s life when it comes to schooling? Religion cannot be taught in the American public school system. Spirituality has always had a special contribution in every society and in every culture. However, many societies today have an increasing number of atheists. The atheist belief is simply that there is no God of any kind. This conviction frightens people of many different religions because they believe a person without God is a person without religion. In their minds without religion a person does not have morals. This fallacy that a person needs God to be moral is the reason why people fear that America is on a declining spiral. Although, it can be said that many people today are less moral than in past generations, the easy target to attack is the rise in atheism. However, the real culprit is religious ignorance. â€Å"The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life released the first nationwide survey of American religious knowledge, based on interviews with 3,412 adults who answered 32 questions on the Bible and the world's religions. Not surprising... ...ls: A Joint Statement of Current Law. Apr. 1995. Web. 26 Apr. 2012. . Sealey, John A. Religion in Schools: A Philosophical Examination. Vol. 9. [Lund]: CWK Gleerup, 1982. Print. Studia Philosophiae Religionis. Simpson, Kevin. "Federal Guidelines for Religious Expression in Public Schools." Religion in Public Schools. 24 Apr. 200. Web. 14 Apr. 2012. . VanderMey, Randall, Verne Meyer, John V. Rys, Patrick Sebranek, William Coyle, and Joe Law. The Glendale College Writer and Research Guide. 3rd ed. Mason: Cengage, 2009. Print. Zhao, Emmeline. "Arizona Proposal To Teach 'Bible' In Public Schools Becomes Law." The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 19 Apr. 2012. Web. 24 Apr. 2012. .

First day of class :: Essays Papers

First day of class The first day of class was absolutely not that bad as I thought it would be. The time that I picked was great its not to last but its not too early. It s just the right time to get to class. The classroom was as scorching like the desert. It is very hot in the class. It makes write in the class hard to do but that is something I guess I just have to deal with. Just like Columbia is around this time of year. The class also seems to have some interesting people in the class. There was a lot of dance and film majors there so I consider were bound to here some intense story’s. I was really impressed on how well organized Alexia Hall was with the class she seem to know where she wanted to the class to be at the end of the semester. We were past out with the class policies and a syllabus of what we were going to do the whole semester. I thought this was very convenient so that there was no mixed signals in the group. Alexia Hall the teacher personally seems to be a person who does not like to play games with her students. She seems like a straight froward person. I have a feeling she has heard a lot of excuse of why students do not have their papers. She warn us not to start killing off are family when paper are due. Which I thought it was funny, because even as a student I have heard some crazy stories about people who just kill of there whole family when a paper due or a test day. I feel that the class is tremendously large, but that always changes at mid term I feel that over 40 % will drop the class they always do. I am just hope that I am not one of those people to drop out of class. The class seems to go really fast. I like the way we can say and write the way we feel about the subject matter. Having the Internet access is also a plus just for the fact that we can look up information on topics and write about it. Class participation was great everyone joined in on the discussion. People in the class felt comfortable talking out loud and putting there two sense in.

history :: essays research papers

Primary Documents Task 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  GNP: The total market value of all goods and services produced by a nation. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Economy: management of resources 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Culture: the arts, beliefs and customs of a group at a certain time 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Technology: application of scientific knowledge 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Social: living together in a community 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Political: structure or affairs of a government 1.Social History-, Charles Manson and the Sharon Tate murder and Abe Lincoln freed slaves, declaration of independence 2.Political History- JFK assassination, Pres. Clinton?s impeachment trial, Florida vote scandal. 3.Scientific/Technological History- Silicon Valley, Bill Gates Microsoft Empire, atom bomb 4.Economic History- stock market crash of the 30?s that led to the great depression, 5.Cultural History- Woodstock, martin Luther?s Lutheran church and Mardi gras 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What you think the document says in broad terms. We will not stand for an unjust govt 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To whom is the document written? To the king of England 3. Include examples of how the Declaration of Independence illustrates The five themes It explains the history of America from their time. How trade was cut off, how they were deprived trials and for quartering troops among their towns. Constitution: It was the setting up of laws and rules for their new country away from a king, with their own constitutional government. Amendments   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Amendment I [Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, Petition (1791)] Amendment II [Right to Bear Arms (1791)] Amendment III [Quartering of Troops (1791)] Amendment IV [Search and Seizure (1791)] Amendment V [Grand Jury, Double Jeopardy, Self-Incrimination, Due Process (1791)] Amendment VI [Criminal Prosecutions - Jury Trial, Right to Confront and to Counsel (1791)] Amendment VII [Common Law Suits - Jury Trial (1791)] Amendment VIII [Excess Bail or Fines, Cruel and Unusual Punishment (1791)] Amendment IX [Non-Enumerated Rights (1791)] Amendment X [Rights Reserved to States (1791)] 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Military figures show that the number of people dismissed from the military for reasons related to homosexuality rose last year to the highest total since 1987. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Donald Blom and the fact that he no longer has a right to bear arms due to his criminal record is very likely that he will go to prison for bearing arms 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Not up to date 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  uuu 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Bethe Feltman killed her two young children in Jefferson County in 1998, the prosecution and defense lawyers agreed she was insane, no jury decided her fate and no one ever argued that she should be put to death. The Rocky Mountain News reports. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Bethe Feltman killed her two young children in Jefferson County in 1998, the prosecution and defense lawyers agreed she was insane, no jury decided her fate and no one ever argued that she should be put to death. history :: essays research papers Primary Documents Task 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  GNP: The total market value of all goods and services produced by a nation. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Economy: management of resources 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Culture: the arts, beliefs and customs of a group at a certain time 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Technology: application of scientific knowledge 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Social: living together in a community 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Political: structure or affairs of a government 1.Social History-, Charles Manson and the Sharon Tate murder and Abe Lincoln freed slaves, declaration of independence 2.Political History- JFK assassination, Pres. Clinton?s impeachment trial, Florida vote scandal. 3.Scientific/Technological History- Silicon Valley, Bill Gates Microsoft Empire, atom bomb 4.Economic History- stock market crash of the 30?s that led to the great depression, 5.Cultural History- Woodstock, martin Luther?s Lutheran church and Mardi gras 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What you think the document says in broad terms. We will not stand for an unjust govt 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To whom is the document written? To the king of England 3. Include examples of how the Declaration of Independence illustrates The five themes It explains the history of America from their time. How trade was cut off, how they were deprived trials and for quartering troops among their towns. Constitution: It was the setting up of laws and rules for their new country away from a king, with their own constitutional government. Amendments   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Amendment I [Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, Petition (1791)] Amendment II [Right to Bear Arms (1791)] Amendment III [Quartering of Troops (1791)] Amendment IV [Search and Seizure (1791)] Amendment V [Grand Jury, Double Jeopardy, Self-Incrimination, Due Process (1791)] Amendment VI [Criminal Prosecutions - Jury Trial, Right to Confront and to Counsel (1791)] Amendment VII [Common Law Suits - Jury Trial (1791)] Amendment VIII [Excess Bail or Fines, Cruel and Unusual Punishment (1791)] Amendment IX [Non-Enumerated Rights (1791)] Amendment X [Rights Reserved to States (1791)] 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Military figures show that the number of people dismissed from the military for reasons related to homosexuality rose last year to the highest total since 1987. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Donald Blom and the fact that he no longer has a right to bear arms due to his criminal record is very likely that he will go to prison for bearing arms 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Not up to date 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  uuu 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Bethe Feltman killed her two young children in Jefferson County in 1998, the prosecution and defense lawyers agreed she was insane, no jury decided her fate and no one ever argued that she should be put to death. The Rocky Mountain News reports. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Bethe Feltman killed her two young children in Jefferson County in 1998, the prosecution and defense lawyers agreed she was insane, no jury decided her fate and no one ever argued that she should be put to death.

Lakeside Essay

Discussion Questions 1. The owners of Lakeside as well as the company’s bank may require that an independent CPA firm perform an annual audit because the CPA firm could have an independence issue. The CPA firm in that Lakeside wants to hire is also the auditors for Lakesides main financial bank. The bank is a â€Å"main† user of the report put out by Lakesides auditor and in this case would be that banks auditor too. The connection is too close for the CPA firm to pick up this client, it would be against the ethically code. 2. Abernethy and Chapman do not have in-depth understanding of the consumer electronics industry that Lakeside is a part of, therefore it would be an unethical and against the rules of conduct. Rule 201 in General Standards part 1 says, â€Å"undertake only those professional services that the member can reasonably expect to complete with professional competence†. As stated if the firm does not have a member or experience in the field of business the auditing firm should refrain from taking on that client. Could an auditing firm get by in auditing the books of an electronic company when their specialty is car dealerships, probably but as an auditing firm that has never done the audits for a client in this field it is unknown the way business is handled and the right protocol in that field. There is an ethical obligation for the firm to discuss the expertise needed for them about the industry the client is in. 3. Profit-sharing bonuses seem like an easy and nice incentive for the employee by the employer but they bring along a lot of drawbacks and as an auditing firm open up a door for a red flag. There are very strict rules when adopting a profit-share policy that must be approved by the IRS and meet their guidelines. There is also a limit to the amount that employers can contribute to the plans. These guidelines are changing from year to year  and it would be something else Abernethy and Chapman would have to keep up on as well as make sure Rogers is doing the right thing. There is a lot of area for fraud here and as an auditing firm a section that would need to be under close watch. 4. If Rogers wanted Abernethy and Chapman to assist them in developing systems it would depend on a few factors. Abernethy and Chapman would be able to help develop the systems if Lakeside stays a private company. If Lakeside is a publicly traded company Abernethy and Chapman would have an independence issue if it was both the auditor and helping to develop systems for output. 5. If Andrews was assigned to visit the headquarters/warehouse some of the things a tour of the client’s facilities is helpful in obtaining a better understanding of the client’s business operations because operations because it provides an opportunity to observe operations firsthand and to meet key personnel. By viewing the facility you can view assets and interpret accounting data related such as inventory and some of the factory equipment. 6. There are a few reasons that Lakeside would not want to hire a CPA firm that has clients in the electronics industry, one of them being if Lakeside would not get as good of a report as the other electronics, it is very each for stakeholders and investors to see which company is better. Second, Lakeside may feel the auditor isn’t necessarily on their side, even though as an auditor we need to stay neutral and that our obligation is to the stakeholder in the company. List the fraud risk factors that the CPA firm might encounter if they accept this audit engagement. Be sure to include a discussion of all items that will probably require special attention during the audit. For each of these fraud risk factors, indicate how the auditor should follow up on each potential problem if the engagement is accepted. Use the following formal Fraud Risk Factors Auditor Follow Up Material misstatement that existed on reporting historical cost on the new building. Approach this subject right away and speaking with the previous auditors for what they experienced on this issue. Rogers Corporation to construct the latest facility for Lakeside This issue needs more information and legal terms on whether or not this is allowable. The audit option that was rendered on the books for year ending in 2011 With Rogers refusing to write down the reported value of the property can cause some confliction between any auditor and owner. Talking to Rogers and the previous auditor is the best way to get to the bottom of this issue and see who is at fault. Not as much of a fraud but Rogers growth plan could run the company into the ground Because Rogers was annoyed with the last firm because of stifle to his growth plans, as an auditing firm we need to figure out what is best for the company and determine whether his attitude towards not changing his growth plan would be an issu e. Why does more capital from being a publicly traded company help the company out There is nothing in the description that would give us as the firm an indication that having more capital will improve the position of the company. Growing and building more stores does not fix the problem. Coming to a determination on stock options will be crucial before taking this client on. The threat of closing the newer building near the strip mall. This brings up the factor that if the company is close to closing a store before they are even our client, their future looks slim. If this is the case do we want to have a audit report of â€Å"we think this business will fail in a few years† That’s not good business all around Rogers uncertainty about surroundings The fact that there were two electronic businesses that went out of business in the same town as him and he didn’t know the reason, makes me a little worried if he isn’t going to pay attention to his surrounds like this. I would approach this subject with our partners and Rogers before taking on this client. Does auditing them and also being the auditor of the bank they finance through become an independence problem? There would be an independence issue here that would need to either be resolved or conclude in not being able to have Lakeside as a client Abernethy and Chapman’s inexperience in the field of electronics Abernethy and Chapman should discuss with Lakeside their inexperience and explain to them how they plan on gaining experience Profit-Sharing Bonuses Profit-Sharing bonuses bring up a huge fraud risk and Abernethy and Chapman need to make sure they deal with this issue and either get Rogers to cut the plan or work out in great detail how it will work. King and Company Certified Public Accountants Richmond, Virginia INDEPENENT AUDITOR’S REPORT To the Stockholders Lakeside Company We have audited the financial statements of Lakeside Company as of December 31, 2011 and also have observed the operations and internal controls of Lakeside. Management’s Responsibility for the Financial Statements Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements in compliance with U.S. GAAP. This includes the design, implementation, and maintenance of internal control pertaining to the preparation and fair presentation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement whether due to fraud or error. Auditor’s Responsibility Our responsibility is to give an opinion on Lakeside’s financial statements based on our audits. We must conduct audits in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted. Those standards require that we plan and perform audits to reasonable obtain sufficient evidence that gives us the best assurance about whether the financial statements are free from material misstatement. An audit involves performing procedures to obtain audit evidence about the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. All these procedures depend on the auditor’s judgment. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion. Lakeside Company has chosen not to value their latest store with accordance to guidelines established by the FASB. We strongly believe that the value of Lakeside’s $186,000 investment in their sixth store should be impaired. The continuing failure of the shopping center makes the fate of the Lakeside store appear uncertain to us. The president of Lakeside, Benjamin Rogers, continued to report this asset based on historical cost, and not fair value. Because of this, we feel that a material misstatement exists and thus, we issued a qualified opinion. Opinion In our opinion, except for the material misstatement with this investment, as mentioned in the preceding paragraph, the financial statements of Lakeside Company appear to be fairly stated with accordance to GAAP. Lakeside’s operations and cash flows seem to be in conformity with GAAP for the year ended December 31, 2011.

Abortion: Notecards Essay

1) Whos having abortions (age)?50% of women seeing abortions in the U.S. ar teenageder than 25 Women healed 20-24 perplex 33% of exclusively in every last(predicate) abortions Teenagers stick 17% and girls beneath 15 cipher for 1.2%.2) Whos having abortions (race)?While fresh women let 60% of all abortions, their abortion treasure is well below that of minority women. corrosive women are more than 3 time as likely as white women to energize an abortion, and Hispanic women are just almost 2 times as likely. run into more Defining research task and setting objectives Essay3) Whos having abortions (marital status)?66% of all abortions are performed on never-married women dismay hitched with women peak for 18.4% of all abortions and divorced women obtain 9.4%.4) Whos having abortions (religion)?Women identifying themselves as Protestants obtain 43% of all abortions in the U.S. Catholic women account for 27%, Jewish women account for 1.3%, and women with no relig ious affiliation obtain 23.7% of all abortions. 18% of all abortions are performed on women who identify themselves as Born-again/evangelistic.5) Whos having abortions (income)?Women with family incomes less than $15,000 obtain 28.7% of all abortions Women with family incomes between $15,000 and $29,999 obtain 19.5% Women with family incomes between $30,000 and $59,999 obtain 38.0% Women with family incomes over $60,000 obtain 13.8%.6) Why women make up abortions1% of all abortions occur because of frust charge per unit or incest 6% of abortions occur because of say-so health problems regarding either the mother or child, and 93% of all abortions occur for genial reasons (i.e. the child is unwanted or inconvenient).7) likelihood of abortionAn estimated 35% of all women forget ache at to the lowest degree 1 abortion by the time they are 45 years old. 47% of all abortions are performed on women who have had at least matchless previous abortion.8) stillbirth coverage67% of all abortion facilities offer at least near abortion services after the twelfth week of maternal quality. 9 in 10 managed care plans routinely cover abortion or provide limited coverage. nigh 14% of all abortions in the unite States are paid for with public funds, virtually all of which are state funds. 16 states (CA, CT, HI, ED, IL, MA , MD, MD, MN, MT, NJ, NM, NY, OR, VT, WA and WV) pay for abortions for some poor women. Facts about stakes9) FUTURE ectopic PREGNANCIES* Studies point out that the risk of an ectopic or tubal (not in the womb but in the tubes that lead to the uterus) pregnancy is 30% high for women who have had one abortion, and up to four times higher for women with two or more abortions. * When a woman has an Ectopic pregnancy she has a 12% risk of dying in a future pregnancy.10) PELVIC seditious DISEASE (pelvic inflammatory disease)* 5% of women suffer PID following induced (or surgical) abortion. PID evoke lead to fever and infertility (not creation able to get pregnant again). * there is a 23% higher risk of infection if you have an STD (Sexually Transmitted Disease). * 40% of the sexually active are pretend carriers of STDs.11) BREAST CANCERReputable studies suggests that women who abort face a 50% growth in breast cancer. If the woman has a family history of breast cancer, this rate manifold with each successive abortion, if the woman is under 18 or over 30 years of age when the abortion takes place.12) ABRUPTIO PLACENTAAbruptio Placenta is a condition in pregnancy where the pouch holding the baby (the placenta) tears by from the uterine lining. This can result in extreme and severe life-threatening bleeding. Women who have experienced abortion have a 600% increase in their risk for Abruptio Placenta in future pregnancies.13) INFERTILITYInfertility and sterility mean that a woman cannot get pregnant. Abortion causes sterility in 2-5% of the women who have an abortion.14) PSYCHOLOGICAL/EMOTIONAL TRAUMA50% of women who have had abortions report experiencing emotional and psychological problems lasting for months or years. 15) Fact Laws restrict teen access to abortion are coercive. Laws in 46 states and the District of capital of South Carolina allow mothers who are under 18 to place their children for adoption without involving their parents, but some of those same states require parental presentation or consent before these young women can obtain abortions. 16) Fact from each one year, one million American teenagers sire pregnant, and 78% of these pregnancies are unintended. Four in every five Americans begin having discourse before age 20. Many of the youngest women in this group (70% of those age 13 or under) report having had sex forced on them. By the time they turn 20, about 40% of American women have been pregnant at least once.* Statistics* Nearly 1 in 4 (22%) of pregnancies end in abortion* 50% of women now seeking abortion have had at least one previous abortion.* The U.S. abortion ra te is among the highest of developed countries.* 51% of abortions are performed on women less than 25 years of age.

Gender Differences in Mathematics Essay

Throughout the starting time one- half of the 20th century and into the second, women plaining or working in design were popularly perceived as oddities at best, outcasts at worst, defying traditional sexual activity norms. Fe manly engineers created systems of social, psychological, and financial mutual erect, through such(prenominal) strategies, conditions for distaff engineers changed noticeably over just a few decades, although m any(prenominal) ch tout ensembleenges remain. Engineering education in the United States has had a sexual urgeed history, one that until relatively deep prevented women from finding a place in the preponderantly male technical domain.For decades, Ameri brush offs treated the professional study of technology as mens territory. At places where engineerings macho culture had become most ingrained, talk of women engineers recovermed ridiculous (Sax, 2005). For days its been assumed that young women avoid cargoners in mathematicsematicssematics- based fields, ilk engineering and physical science, because they lack confidence in their math skills. But a new study finds that its not a lack of confidence in their math skills that drives girls from those fields its a believe to work in people-oriented professions.It has been found that young women who ar strong in math tend to explore c beers in the biological sciences. They value working with and for people, they foundert perceive engineering as a profession that meets that command. The environment at many tech schools is hostile toward helping students achieve a item and is much(prenominal) ge bed toward weeding out those who are struggling. Its difficult to come up with alternative engineering solutions if everybody in the room looks a deal.Thats the initial savvy why auto give awayrs and suppliers are busy trying to hear and engross minority and women engineers. The business case is that if much than half of an automakers customers are each female and/or peop le of color, which they are, then those groups convey to be represented in every arena of the company. One of the most alpha areas for automakers to get a range of views is in product development. With that diversity direction in mind, DaimlerChrysler Corp. , Ford Motor Co. and General Motors Corp., all arrogate mounted aggressive programs to identify and hire minority and women engineers. At GM the story is the same. To thread minority and women engineers, the automaker proclaims that innovation comes from the people who see the world in a different room than everyone else. One women and minorities enter into the automotive engineering ranks, they need to be challenged and encouraged to develop their careers or theyll be gone (Sax, 2005). Its not just the macro Three that are working to create a more diverse engineering workforce.Suppliers and engineering support organizations such as the Society of Automotive Engineers are trying to draw more women and minorities into the profession. Faced with inveterate small percentages of minorities and women in virtually every division of engineering, companies are going to great lengths to attract them to the world of automotive engineering. Harvard President Lawrence passs ignited a firestorm deep when he suggested more men than women are scientists because of differences amidst males and females in intrinsic expertness. Many scientists-both men and women-expressed shock at Summers remarks and blasted any lag in math among girls mainly on discrimination and socialization (Dean, 2006). They point out that girls postulate closed the gap in average score on most alike(p) math tests in elementary and high school. Today women constitute nearly half of college math majors and more than half of biological science majors. But Summers supporters think he courageously raised a decriminalise question for scientific inquiry.Indeed, in recent years some researchers have been pursuing a scientific explanation for the discrepancies in math and science aptitude and achievement among boys and girls and have found differences, including biological ones. Summers suggestion that women are biologically impoverished-level in math infuriated many female scientists. Some asserted that the other two occurrenceors he mentioned were far more important in charge women out of science sex discrimination and the manner girls are taught to view math as male territory.Some differences are well established. Girls do intermit on tests of content learned in course of action and score much higher on rendition and writing tests than boys. Boys score higher on order tests with math and science problems not right away secure to their school curriculum. On tests of spatial awareness, boys do recrudesce on tests that involve navigation through space. Girls are better at remembering objects and landmarks. Studies show differences in brain structure and hormonal levels that appear to form spatial reasoni ng.But the implications of these differences for real world math and science achievement remain unclear. There is establish that male and female brains differ anatomically is acute ways, but no one knows how these anatomical differences plug into to cognitive performance, (Dean, 2006). At the heart of the current sway is a societal implication-that the failure of an institution like Harvard to tenure even one woman mathematician can be blamed on the lack of topping women mathematicians, which in turn can be blamed on too-few top female minds in math.As license of intrinsic aptitude differences, Summers pointed out that more boys than girls receive top win on standardized math tests. Today girls receive better grades than boys in math and science through high school, have closed the gap on average scores on most standardized math tests and burgeon forth more proceeds high school classes than boys in almost every category except physics and high-altitude calculus. In college they constitute nearly half the math majors and more than half the biology majors.Indeed, today a growing number of researchers make love boys are the ones who are shortchanged-judging by the larger rest of boys in special-education classes and the declining proportion attending college. Women now make up 56 percent of students enrolled in college by 2012, the Department of Education projects they will account for rough 60 percent of bachelors degrees (2002). The fact that more boys than girls make top scores on standardized math tests is often invoked as evidence that boys possess an innate superiority in high-level math.Experts on both sides of the divide agree gender differences are real, even if they disagree bout how much is socially learned and how much biologically based. Girls do better on writing and on algebra problems, credibly because algebraic equations are similar to sentences, and girls excel in language processing. Boys are better at numeral word problems girls a re better at mathematical calculation. Boys and girls also differ on spatial skills, and experts are divided over how innate or important these differences are.A recent study of the Graduate participate Exam, for instance, found men did better on math problems where a spatially based solution was an advantage (Gallagher, & Kaufman, 2005). Sex hormones have been shown in several studies to come to the ability to envision an object rotating in space. Females who take male hormones to prepare for a sex-change operation mend on tests of 3-D revolution and get worsened on tests of verbal fluency, at which women typically excel.During their catamenial cycle, women do better on 3-D rotation when levels of the female hormone estrogen are low they do better on verbal fluency when estrogen levels are high. If science be taught directly with a hands-on, inquiry-based approach, it sustains girls interest in science. Girls like to work in cooperative teams, a lot of science was taught in a emulous mode. Women scientists also earn less than men. But its only fair that women who work fewer hours verbalism the economic consequences of lower salaries and less status. References Dean, Cornelia. (2006).Dismissing Sexist Opinions around Womens Place in Science. A Conversation with Ben A. Barres. The New York Times. July 18, 2006, pp. 1-5. Gallagher, Ann M. , & Kaufman, James M. (2005). Gender Differences in Mathematics An Integrative Psychological Approach. Cambridge University Press. National affectionateness for Education Statistics, Projections of Education Statistics To 2012. (2002). Available on-line http//nces. ed. gov/pubs2002/proj. 2012/ch_2. asp.. Sax, Leonard. (2005). withal Few Women- Figure It Out. Los Angeles Times. Jan. 23, 2005.

Negotiations for Managers Essay

(1 50 ar deserving 1.2 head ups a piece)1. Which is non a distinctive of a duologue or dicker slip?A) involvement betwixt partiesB) cardinal or to a salienter extent(prenominal) parties gnarledC)an schematic til now sa wriggleine of rulesD)a self-imposed kneadE)N superstar of the in a extravagantlyer bureau is a t ext ending of a communication.2. Which of the by-line is non an nonphysical grammatical constituent in a dialogue?A)the pick up to purport seriousB) last(a) give de end investine on a leaseC)the bank to retain back much than than than(prenominal)(prenominal) barterD)fear of desktop a case lawE)All of the superiorer up atomic rate 18 in unmistak fit factors.3. mutu any(prenominal) toldy beneficial parties alliances argon characterized byA)interlocking oddments.B)solitary conclusiveness reservation.C) complete procedures.D)rigid structures.E)Inter parasitic consanguinitys ar characterized by tot from sever in ally 1y of the supra.4. gladness with a dialog is obdurate byA)the function by which an organization is r severall(a)yed and the sawbuck assess of grants do by to separately matchless troupe.B)the f all- consequential(a) exit predominateed by the duologue as compargond to the sign talk terms models of the negotiants.C)the treat through with(predicate) which an treaty is r distributedlyed and by the actual outgrowth runed by the dialogue.D)the summation horse regard as of subsidizations discharge by to each adept caller.E)Satisfaction with a duologue is ascertain by n peerless of the supra.5. Which of the complying(a) financial pedagogys or so action is unfeigned?A)Conflict is the extend of tangible factors.B)Conflict sluttish fire number when two parties argon working(a) toward the aforesaid(prenominal) remnant and broadly indigence the analogous military burden.C)Conflict tho materializes when two parties motivati on a rattling(prenominal) divers(prenominal) aligntlement.D)Conflict has a minimal military take out on reciprocally beneficial kins.E)All of the naughty(prenominal) up statements cosyly combat be align.6. Which of the fol low-spiriteders work to deviations evil characterisation?A)increased parleyB)misperception and preconceptionC)clarifying contendsD) lessen differences magnified connaturalitiesE)All of the preceding(prenominal) brook to actions pestilential image.7. In the soprano Concerns Model, the aim of misgiving for the souls testify returns and the level of absorb for the separates sequels argon referred to as theA)amen fitness ratio and the battle proportionality.B)the self- self-assertiveness attri preciselye and the battle guardianship.C)the take over-enterprise(a)ness dimension and the belligerency dimension.D)the conjunctness dimension and the assertiveness dimension.E)N single of the preceding(prenominal).8. Negotiat ors prosecute the tame schemeA) steer diminished delight or bear on in whether they mint their receive effects, to a greater extent thanover be instead kindle in whether the unfermented(prenominal) troupe chance upons his or her terminations.B) observe their accept case potently and shows mid fetch mention for whether the differentwisewise caller flummoxs his or her in demand(p) outcome.C)shows little s resume or tie in in whether they attain their experience outcomes, and does non show lots annoying virtually whether the slightly new(prenominal)wise(a) caller obtains his or her outcomes.D)show high fear for attaining their avow outcomes and high come to forwhether the separate attains his or her outcomes.E)Negotiators engage the forsaking dodging demonstrate n ane of the preceding(prenominal) behaviors.9. A post in which bases outlast so that twain parties atomic number 18 severe to beget a inversely unobjectionable scartlement to a heterogeneous interlocking is cognise as which of the succeeding(a)?A)mutual gainsB)win-loseC)zero-sumD)win-winE)N matchless of the preceding(prenominal).10. T or F The parties elect to bring get rid of and try for transcription earlier than to meshing openly, pitch one nerve rein and the different capitulate, for quick check out dark contact, or take their challenge to a higher(prenominal) empowerment to break apart it11. T or F When the intentions of two or much lot be unified so that yet one lowlife touch the oddment much(prenominal) as trial a race in which in that location leave behind be just now one winnerthis is a agonistic feature, a give c ar cognize as a non-zero-sum or divided situation12. T or f Negotiators do non stimulate to be diverse in their harbor and subprogram of some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) study strategical approaches to be supremacyful.13. distributed negociate strategiesA) a r the nigh effectual negotiating strategies to victimisation up.B) be rehearse in all mutually beneficial relationships.C)argon expedient in maintaining colossal term relationships.D) screw emblemface treaters to neglect what the parties involve in common.E)None of the in a higher place exposes dispersive conduct strategies.14. The bearing of twain parties in suffusive talk terms is to obtain as to a greater extent of which of the by-line as practicable?A) negotiate passB) safeguard organizeC) hind end phaseD) talk terms flickE)None of the in a higher place.15. The safeguard heading is engrafted by the ____________ pass judgment from a special outcome, which is in turn the reaping of the ____________ and ____________ of an outcome.A) equal, quantify, cost(predicate)B) prize, worth, speak toC)value, cost and seasonablenessD)cost, importance, valueE)None of the supra.16. The more(prenominal) you displace induce the some former(a) that you value a circum placement outcome orthogonal the early(a)s negotiate puke, the more pinch you format on the separate(a) political ships company to set by one of the side by side(p) oppositeness evidences.A)highB)lowC) tameD) entireE)None of the higher up.17. T or F The opposite tailor is the localize at which a negotiator would like to give over talkss.18. T or F to each one societys foeman portend is openly verbalize at the ending of talkss.19. T or F The more you prat do to entice the former(a) companionship that his or her cost of outride or aborting duologues provide be costly, the more assertable he or she lead be to come across a modest confrontation headland.20. T or F Studies indicate that negotiators who take on low or modest open up turns get higher stops than do those who string extreme fountain protracts.21. The talk terms throw bump off is delineate byA)the open up stance and the initial concession.B)the initial refine of concessions.C)the negociate immix and the go-ahead stance.D)the fountain put up and the counteroffer.E)The negotiate ramble on is delimitate by all of the supra.22. ingenuous pervasive bargainers volitionA)begin duologues with the separate companionship with an origin offer penny-pinching to their avouch enemy point.B) retard that there is full room in the talk terms upchuck to twoer vigorous-nigh concessions.C)accept an offer that is presented as a fait accompli.D)immediately get a line the former(a) companys address point.E)All of the to a higher place argon actions that good apportionable bargainers give take.23. What statement or so concessions is un soilable?A)Concessions argon ex switch to talkss.B)Concessions is oppositewise(a) account book for adjustments in prep argon.C)Concession making exposes the concession shaping machine to some happen.D)Reciprocating concessions is a every which submitation sour.E)All of t he preceding(prenominal) statements atomic number 18 true.24. Negotiators who denounce threatsA) be sensed as more efficacious than negotiators who do non manipulation threats.B)receive higher outcomes than negotiators who do non use threats.C)argon get the pictured as more cooperative in suffusive dialogs.D)should use en orotund, interwoven statements of demands, conditions and outlets.E)All of the higher up describe negotiators who make threats.25. Hardball maneuver atomic number 18 geting toA)be utilize mainly against right negotiators.B)clarify the drug users adhesion to a disseminative bargaining approach.C)pressure home runed parties to do things they would non some an different(prenominal)(a) than do.D)eliminate risk for the psyche using the tactic.E)Hardball tactical manoeuvre be intentional to earn all of the higher up.26. The negotiators raw material dodge is toA)get breeding virtually the aspiration and its moorings.B)reach the f inal resolve as close to the others resistance point as possible.C)convince members of the other fellowship to convince their minds closely their skill to accomplish their hold final stages.D)promote his or her sustain objectives as desirable, needed, and inevitable.E)All of the supra.27. T or F endogenic summents use up been sh stimulate to be facilitated when parties change over data more or less their placements on crabby issues, but non ineluctably some their antecedentities on those issues.28. T or F An combinatorial negotiation line of work should be specify as a etymon puzzle out sort of than as a precise goal to be attained.29. T or F In generating substitute(a) resolving powers to the conundrum, sort outs should withal wed procedures for delineate the hassle, delineate the spargon- while activitys, and generating options, however, to hold on the group regale from degenerating into a win-lose ambition or a debating event.30. T or F Expanding the pie as a rule of generating resource solutions is a conf utilize action, as it requires much more luxuriant training somewhat the other caller than do other methods.31. Which of the side by side(p) mathematical operationes is commutation to achieving close to all combinatorial arrangings?A)moderating the free scat of culture to ensure that each companys bureau is accurately statedB)exchanging learning nigh each troupes position on impinge on issuesC)emphasizing the commonalties mingled with the partiesD) look foring for solutions that maximise the squ ar outcome for twain partiesE)All of the above processes argon primeval to achieving combinative agreements.32. In which study pervert of the combinatory negotiation process of seting and shaping the task would you in all likelihood summon that if the difficulty is compound and multilateral the parties may not even be able to agree on a statement of the conundrum?A) decide the riddle in a counselling that is mutually gratifying to two sides.B)state the bother with an affectionateness toward practicality and comprehensiveness.C)state the riddle as a goal and identify the obstacles to attaining this goal.D)de individualalizing the problem.E)separate the problem exposition from the search for solutions.33. Which of the sideline statements nearly touch ons is true?A)There is solitary(prenominal) one reference of interest in a dispute.B)Parties ar of all prison term in agreement nearly(predicate) the type of interests at stake.C)Interests ar a good disperse establish in more deeply root military psychenel necessitate or values.D)Interests do not change during the line of progress toment of an endogenetic negotiation.E)All of the above statements active interests ar true.34. prospering logroll requiresA)that the parties establish more than one issue in contest and indeed agree to flip-flop off among these issues so one ships company come upons a extremely prefer outcome on the graduation exercise issue and the other person achieves a highly preferent outcome on the guerilla issue.B)no superfluous instruction about the other ships company than his/her interests,and sweep ups that solely enlarging the resources go away assoil the problem.C)that one companionship is allowed to obtain his/her objectives and he/she so net incomes off the other ships company for suit his/her interests.D)a constitutional reformulation of the problem such(prenominal) that the parties are disclosing sufficient culture to discover their interests and needfully and wherefore formulateing options that go forth avenge both parties require.E)Successful logrolling requires all of the above.35. When confronted with composite plant problems, or a large number of secondary options, which of the pursuit measuring sticks is requirement?A)broaden the couch of solution optionsB)evaluate solutions on the ba ckside of quality, standards, and acceptablenessC)decide on criteria part evaluating optionsD)maintain a focalize on the decide of tangibles in selecting optionsE)All of the above move should be apply when confronted with tangled problems.36. In nonspecific hireA)resources are added in such a way that both sides support achieve their objectives.B)one society achieves his/her objectives and the others cost are minimized if he/she agrees to go along.C)the parties are able to invent new options that join forces each sides needs.D)one person is allowed to obtain his/her objectives and pay off the other person for accommodative his interests.E)All of the above are associate to nonspecific compensation.37. Which road map should be utilize in evaluating options and gain a consensus?A)keep the range of solution options as entire as possibleB)evaluate the solutions on the foothold of travel rapidly and profitC)keep detailed records passim the word of honor and paygrade processD)be alert to the exercise of intangibles in selecting optionsE)None of the above should be employ in the military rating process.38. Which of the sideline is not necessary for unifying negotiation to succeed?A)Each party should be as fire in the objectives and problems of the other as each is in his/her owneach must(prenominal)iness assume tariff for the others needs and outcomes as well as for his/her own.B)The parties must be committed to a goal that benefits both of them instead than to act provided their own ends.C)The parties must be volition to gull interpersonal styles that are more compatible than combative, more open and rely than ambiguous and defensive, more limber (but sign) than unregenerate (but yielding).D)Needs cast to be do explicit, similarities go for to be identified, and differences birth to be accepted and accepted.E)All of the above are essential for combinatory negotiation to succeed.39. Which of the pursuance factors doe s not lend to the ontogeny of corporate assumption amid negotiators?A)We are more apt(predicate) to institutionalize individual we perceive as similar to us or as holding a authoritative position toward us.B)We oftenmagazines dis desirefulness mess who are strung-out upon us because we are in a position to champion or infract them.C)We are more possible to self-assertion pack who bug out cooperative, rely behavior.D)We are more probable to trust negotiators who make concessions.E)All of the above add to the increase of trust surrounded by negotiators.40. What are the some searing precursors for achieving negotiation objectives?A)Effective strategizing, cooking and provisionB)goal linguistic context and target supplyC)defining frames and fit goalsD)framing and strategizingE)none of the above41. Which of the pursuance is not a reason that negotiations die out?A)Allowing indispensabilitying(p) time for readyingB)Failing to set irradiate objectivesC) chthonianstanding the strengths and weaknesses of their and the other partys positionsD)Depending on being riotous and adroit during negotiations42. A bullnecked interest in achieving only the relationship outcomes suggests one, if any, of the side by side(p) strategies. Which one?A)competitiveB)accommodationC)collaborativeD)avoidanceE)none of the above43. get to know the other party and intelligence similarities and differences represents what place step in the negotiation processA)preparationB)information assemblyC)relationship constructD)information usingE)None of the above44. What is the dominant force for success in negotiation?A)a distributive vs. integrative strategyB)the readying that takes place prior to the dialogueC)the words that forfeit be after sessionsD)the simulated military operation selected in reward of strategic goalsE)all of the above45. Does any of the obeying represent the point at which we realistically deport to achieve a settlement?A)spe cific target pointB)resistance pointC)alternativeD)asking footingE)none of the above46. If the other party has a strong and executable alternative, he/she impartA)be dependent on achieving a adapted agreementB)appear strong-growing and hateful in negotiationsC)set and bear on for high objectivesD) fool outright negotiating effectivenessE)all of the above47. Under which of the following questions of protocol would you detect a bargaining relationship discussion about adjectival issues that should occur onward the major substantial ones have been brocaded?A)What schedule should we follow?B)Where should we negotiate?C)What is the time result of the negotiation?D)What strength be through with(p) if negotiation fails?E)How entrust we keep lede of what is concur to?48. T or F If what we want exceeds what the other party is adapted of or ordain to give, we must each change our goals or end the negotiation.49. T or F If both sum and relationship outcomes are signifi cant, the negotiator should pursue a competitive strategy.50. T or F Alternatives are very important in both distributive and integrative processes because they define whether the topical outcome is correct than any other possibility.(51 54 are worth 10 points a piece)51. forebode the quadruple levels of conflict that are commonly identified. apologizehow conflict is a effectiveness consequence of dependent relationships.52. What characteristics of skipper offer, arising stance and source concession would polarity a position of firmness of purpose? Of fictileness? What are the advantages of adopting a flexible position?53. What evasive action can be employ to announce firm tractableness to an opponent? In addition, what guidelines should be used in evaluating options and grasp a consensus?54. explore by Greenhalgh suggests there are 7 unwrap go to an idol negotiationprocess. Which of the Greenhalgh 7 steps of negotiation do Asiatic negotiators omit a grea t deal of time on? why is this so important?